Short-term fruit removal from a neotropical shrub with experi- mental bicoloured displays

Interest in the colour of fruits eaten by vertebrates has a long history (Ridley 1930, Turcek 1963, van der Pijl 1972). Within a given geographical area, colours of birdconsumed fruits compared with mammal-consumed fruits are fairly consistent (Janson 1983, Wheelwright & Janson 1985, Willson & Whelan 1990), but comparisons among different regions reveal selective pressures of different animal groups (Lord 2002, Willson et al. 1989). One consistent pattern among regions is that fruits with a twocolour display typically are eaten by birds (Wheelwright & Janson 1985, Willson & Thompson 1982, Willson & Whelan 1990). Thus, it is thought that such bicoloured displays are specifically adapted to attract birds and plants with these displays presumably benefit from seed dispersal by birds (Janson 1983, Willson & Whelan 1990). Two general types of bicoloured displays are recognized. Structural or morphological bicoloured displays are typically defined as those in which the fruit, or part of a fruit, is one colour (often blue or black) and an adjacent structure is a contrasting colour (often red). Adjacent contrasting structures include capsules, bracts, stems or pedicels (Wheelwright & Janson 1985, Willson & Thompson 1982). Polychromic species may be considered a type of structural bicoloured display (Lee et al. 1988, Willson & O’Dowd 1989), but typically the different colour morphs occur on different individuals (Gervais et al. 1999, Traveset & Willson 1998, Traveset et al. 2001, Willson 1983). A broad definition of structural bicoloured displays may include deciduous foliage changing colour (Stiles 1982), but this idea has been challenged (Herrera 1982, Willson & Hoppes 1986). Temporal bicoloured displays